The subject aims at providing the students with the basic theoretical knowledge and practical skills needed to face problems related to the performance analysis and the optimal choice of either a thermal or a hydraulic machine. Particular attention will be devoted to the analysis of the design as well as the off-design performance of machines and the power plants.

The first part of the subject focuses on a quick review of the Thermodynamic and Fluid Mechanic principles, with specific reference to aspects that are mandatory for the analysis of fluid machines and energetic systems. Through the systematic application of the thermo-fluid-dynamics principles to energy systems and their components, the module provides the students with the ability to design turbomachines, engines, fluid-power systems and engineering-plant solutions in relation to their applications.

In order to fruitfully attend the subject, the student should have previously acquired the basic knowledge of Fluid Machines theory, Thermodynamics, Thermo-kinetic, Applied Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics.

Syllabus
• Introduction to fluid machines. Review of the thermodynamics and fluid-dynamics applied to fluid machines. Velocity diagrams, Euler work equation.
• Fundamentals of thermodynamics and chemistry of the combustion of fuel/air mixtures.
• Blade cascade: velocity triangles, energy transfer in turbomachines, scaling and similitude, performance characteristics.
• Steam turbine plants: single-stage impulse turbine, pressure compounding, blade shapes, velocity compounding. Steam turbine plant control.
• Review on centrifugal and axial turbo-compressors: design and off-design operations.
• Review on the hydraulic pumps: cavitation. Hydraulic turbines: Pelton wheel, Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine.
• Hydraulic transmission of Power: fluid couplings and torque converter.
• Turbo-gas plants: control techniques.
• Volumetric machines: reciprocating compressor, vane compressor, Roots.
• Internal combustion engines.

The subject is made up of lectures and applied lectures.
The applied lectures consist of exercises meant to further deepen the understanding of the concepts dealt with within the lectures.

References
• M.J. Moran, H.N. Shapiro, "Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics", 5th ed., John Wiley & Sons.
• S.L. Dixon, C.A. Hall, "Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery", 6th ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier.
• Lecture Slides
• S.A. Korpela, "Principles of Turbomachinery", Wiley & Sons.


• Applied lectures reference book - C. Dongiovanni, D. Misul, "Exercises on Thermal and Hydraulic Machines", CLUT Eds, Torino.


Required material
Mollier diagram for steam ("Diagramma entalpico per il vapor d’acqua"), CLUT Eds. To be procured by the student.
Saturation lines tables for steam.

Exam rules
The exam booking on the web portal, within the deadline, is mandatory.
The exam is made up of a written test and of an oral test. The final mark is the average of the marks achieved for the written and the oral parts.

Written test (duration: 2 h 30 min)
The student is asked to solve 2 exercises featuring a difficulty level similar to that of the exercises proposed during the applied lectures. Each exercise sums up for 15 points out of 30.
During the written test, the student are only allowed to use a scientific calculator, the steam Mollier chart, the saturation tables and a formulary, to be written on a A4 paper and to be prepared by the students. The use of notebooks, smart phones, cell phones or any other electronic device is strictly forbidden. Should any candidate use any un-authorized electronic devices (regardless if it is switched on or off, online or offline), he/she will be immediately withdrawn from the exam.
The paper sheets for the exam will be provided by the teacher. Each sheet has to be returned at the scheduled hand-in time or at the exam withdrawal.
The candidate can withdraw from the written test at any time up to the hand-in time. In this case, the exam failure will not be registered. Once the written test has been corrected, the exam will be registered with either a positive or negative result.
Any candidate who is not satisfied with the written test result can ask to be failed before the oral start.

Oral test
The oral test can be accessed only provided that a minimum score of 12/30 is achieved in the written test. The oral test is mandatory and will deal with the topics dealt with within the lectures. A failure in the oral test will lead to the exam failure.