Geomatics is the science of modeling and analyzing geographic data " geo-referenced " to produce and manage spatial information. If you think that most of the political decisions are taken on the basis of considerations of spatial data spatial, the social impact of this matter is clear: Geomatics support technical operations, scientific programs, political, administrative and legal issues. The knowledge of the territory through the measurement and representation is essential for its operation , for protectionist purposes, to realize and control a greater part of engineering works . The aim of this course is to offer to the students the knowledge about modern methods of satellite positioning GPS / GNSS positioning inertial measurements, laser scanning , digital photogrammetry and integrated techniques, aimed at surveying applications in support of civil engineering. Moreover, the theory of the instruments and principles of measurement , the definition of the reference systems and their realization is the basis of every geo-referencing wil be provided. The statistical data analysis will be aimed at the elaboration of the acquired measurements, the integration of various sensors. The data processing using specific software, which are used in scientific and professional field, will give a modern point of view on methods of survey.

Knowledge of the theoretical principles underlying the different measurement techniques, planing and execution of surveys, knowledge of the techniques of data processing, analysis of results and their evaluation by statistical techniques. Application of Geomatics techniques for surveying of the territory, buildings and engineering works, for mapping, movements and deformations monitoring , tracking and implementation of civil engineering and protection of the territory. Ability to perform measurements with GPS / GNSS, total stations, laser scanner, inertial sensors and digital photogrammetry techniques. Ability to choose the optimal survey methods and ability to integrate data from different measurement techniques. Processing capabilities of current measurements on the ground, or examples given. Capacity for self-development of computational procedures for computing problems for applications Geomatics.

In addition to the basic mathematical knowledge, we require the basics of topography, such as geodesy (surfaces and reference systems), cartography, treatment of measures theoretical part and instrumental part on the classic topographic measurements.

Presentation of the course. Elements of statistics, statistical variable and random nD, linear correlation, least squares. Estimation of the variance covariance matrix of the parameters, reliability and theoretical errors of the 1st and 2nd type, data-snooping. Test adequacy of the model and condition number. Redundancy matrix and the relationship between observations and residuals. Problems sqm: equations of geodetic networks, their linearization and conduct of the calculations. Ellipses error, simulation of networks and configurable variables. Principles of sequential least squares and Kalman filter. Review about the system and on the signal. Concepts for calculating satellite orbits. Stand-alone GPS positioning with code and phase measurements. Errors in GPS. Relative positioning: phase differences. Cycle slips. Positioning DGPS and RTK differential, transmission of differential corrections. Techniques of acquisition: methods and accuracy of the positioning. Features of GPS / GNSS. Permanent stations. GNSS Positioning: characteristics of GLONASS constellations. Work on new constellations Galileo, COMPASS, QZSS. GNSS RTK networks and traditional networks. Architectures VRS MRS MAC. DATUM: Concept and definition. Inertial Systems and ECEF. Change of reference system and coordinate systems. National geodetic networks: IGM95, networks of GNSS permanent stations, Dynamic National Network (RDN). DATUM Height: height differences with GPS and classical measurements, elevations and geopotential dynamic, orthometric corrections. GNSS networks and 3D integration with classical measures, from field to real field normal and parallel to gravity. Physical principles of inertial positioning, gyroscopes, accelerometers and magnetometers. Inertial sensors and their types IMU strapdown and gimbaled. Principles on calculating of the position with IMU. Bias and errors in the positioning Inertial reference systems, ECEF, navigation and body and navigation equations. Inertial navigation and integrated with GNSS, loosely coupled and tightly coupled. Applications GNSS / IMU in geomatics: high-performance surveys with Mobile Mapping System (MMS) applications in land, air or drone, IMU integration between GNSS, digital cameras, relations between reference systems and time scales. Principles of operation of the laser scan. Pulse and phase measurements. Echoes and pulse return signal. Instrument and precision. LIDAR Techniques of acquisition for land and air. Positioning of the sensor in air and ground LIDAR. Integrating aerial LIDAR , GNSS and IMU. The project scans air and land. Alignment and registration of LIDAR scans and notes on filtering, classification and segmentation. Products and applications that make use of LIDAR. Principles of photogrammetry. Process Steps: from the image shooting to the map production. Image reference system, internal and external orientation. Analytical foundations: collinearity equations. Prospective Equations and external orientation. Central projection of a plane object. Flight Planning. Internal orientation, distortion lens, analytical symmetric and asymmetric relative orientation, absolute orientation analysis. Work on the aerial triangulation for independent models and stars projective. Stereoscopic vision. Analytical stereo-plotters and digital stereo-plotters. Analog and digital photogrammetric cameras, aerial and land cameras. Digital photogrammetry and ortho rectification. Applications of photogrammetry for surveying of the territory and buildings. The construction and tracking of engineering works: from design to construction work, geodetic network classification for tracking operations. Tracking point in planimentric and altimetric component, using total stations, GPS / GNSS, with gyroscopic theodolites: operational schemes and precisions. Geodetic and cartographic problems in the reduction of measures in the plan mapping the terrain. Isometric reference systems for the tracking of major projects and working examples.

Exercises will be held outdoors in part, for relief operations, and partly in the laboratory, to the processing of data and the operations of photogrammetry. For reasons of number of students, in measuring operation the two groups can be divided into different small groups, according to the organization that will be communicated during the class. Surveys will be carried out, for photogrammetric purposes. LIDAR measurements will be performed as well as surveys of such GNSS RTK GPS receivers and PDAs. Exercises will be conducted on least squares, change the reference system, 3D topographic compensation networks. Project GNSS measurements (planning), GPS data processing and return of the surveys performed, processing and visualization LIDAR data, Photogrammetric image rectifying, stereoscopic vision and building cartographic products. Specific LABs will be dedicated for GIS applications

References: • Cina, A. (2014) – Dal GPS al GNSS (Global Navigation Satelite System) per la Geomatica – Torino - CELID • Cina, A. (2002). Trattamento delle misure topografiche. CELID, Torino. • Comoglio, G. (2008). Topografia e cartografia. CELID, Torino. • Manzino, A. (2001). Lezioni di Topografia – Otto Editore. In: http://ebook.polito.it/pubbl.html. • Dispense e slides fornite durante il corso, reperibili sul sito della didattica. For further information: • Bellone T. (2006) – Appunti di trattamento delle osservazioni – Torino, Politeko. • Kraus, K., 1994. Fotogrammetria. Vol.1 – Teoria e applicazioni. Traduzione di Sergio Dequal. Torino, Levrotto & Bella • Hofmann-Wellenhof et al (2008) – GNSS Global Navigation Satellite system. Springer – New York. • Leick (2003) - Gps Satellite Surveying - J. Wiley – Canada. III Edizione.

Modalità di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria;

Exam: Compulsory oral exam;

... The exam aims to test the individual achievement of the basic objective of the teaching, the ability to develop a process in which knowledge of design and project proposal are connected in each phase. The oral exam starts from the activities carried out during the laboratories and external survey, that occurred individually processed by the comment of the results. The report is not considered to define the final mark. The autonomy and maturity of each stuudent are verified by finding a correct solutions to some problems explained during lectures or tutorials. Usually the oral exam requires about 30 minutes and it is generally based on 3 questions.

Gli studenti e le studentesse con disabilità o con Disturbi Specifici di Apprendimento (DSA), oltre alla segnalazione tramite procedura informatizzata, sono invitati a comunicare anche direttamente al/la docente titolare dell'insegnamento, con un preavviso non inferiore ad una settimana dall'avvio della sessione d'esame, gli strumenti compensativi concordati con l'Unità Special Needs, al fine di permettere al/la docente la declinazione più idonea in riferimento alla specifica tipologia di esame.