The course focuses on the remediation of contaminated sites and is intended for students of the Master program in Environment and Land Engineering. The topics covered in the course are related to how contaminants may be released, migrate, and be removed from a contaminated site, with a specific focus on industrial contaminations. The course will cover both theoretical and practical aspects (key steps in remediation design, use of the most commonly employed modeling tools, practical examples). Most part of the course will be dedicated to the remediation technologies nowadays available for the reclamation of soil and groundwater, including both established and innovative technologies. The main characteristics of the technologies, the design approaches, the applicability constraints, and the criteria to select the most appropriate remediation technologies for specific contaminated sites. The course will also cover advanced methods for contaminated site characterization, and human health risk assessment tools.

The course aims at providing the knowledge and skills needed to identify the best remediation approaches for a contaminated site, and to perform a preliminary design of the remediation. In particular, the student will learn how to identify the source of contamination, the potential migration pathways, and ultimately on how to develop a conceptual model of the site; the procedures to be followed to identify whether a site is contaminated, and to define the remediation targets (human health risk assessment); the methods for a reliable site characterization; how the site characteristics may affect the contaminant migration and the applicability of the different remediation technologies; the characteristics, applicability conditions, advantages and disadvantages of the available remediation technologies. At the end of the course, the students will be able to select the most appropriate technologies for a specific case; to apply the design criteria for the different remediation technologies; to use common modeling tools for risk assessment and groundwater remediation design.

The course is intended for students in the second year of the Master program in Environment and Land Engineering. As a consequence, students are expected to have basic knowledge in chemistry, geology/hydrogeology, groundwater engineering.

The course will focus on the following topics: - Introduction to the course (3 hours) - Law procedures for contaminated sites and risk assessment (6 hours): procedures for the characterization and remediation activities of a contaminated site; human health risk assessment procedures. - Advanced characterization techniques for contaminated soil and groundwater (6 hours) - Basic principles of remediation technologies (3 hours): physical, biological and chemical remediation approaches; classification of remediation treatments: in situ, on site, off site; conceptual models; sustainable remediation. - Remediation technologies for soil and groundwater (21 h). how the contaminants interact with the environmental matrices (in particular, soil and groundwater), how this affects the selection and implementation of the remediation technologies. Technology description and design criteria: technologies based on gas-liquid exchange and physical removal of contaminated matrices: air sparging, soil venting, soil vapour extraction, dual phase extraction, bioslurping, pump and treat; technologies based on chemical degradation or immobilization of the contaminants: permeable reactive barriers, oxidation/reduction via in situ injection of reactants, chemical washing; physical-chemical technologies: soil washing, solidification and stabilization, incineration, impermeable barriers. - Numerical models as a support for remediation design (15 h): introduction to groundwater numerical modeling; use of numerical models for the design of Pump and Treat and permeable/impermeable barriers; semi-analytical tools for the design of free phase recovery. -Criteria for the selection of the most appropriate remediation techniques (6 h), based on site and contaminant properties and remediation targets.

The course include classes and exercises. Classes discuss the theory of the abovementioned topics, including examples of real cases, for a total of 40 hours. Exercises (20 hours in total) will include: - exercises guided by the lecturer, including mass balances, contaminant degradation, preliminary design of in situ injection of reactants; - use of Modflow-based software for groundwater flow problems, applied to the design of Pump and Treat and permeable/impermeable barriers; - use of a software for the preliminary design of free phase recovery.

The course material necessary for the preparation of the exam will be provided directly on the student portal, and includes slides of all classes and tutorial of the software used. Additional material (not compulsory for the final exam) will also be provided, concerning description, design criteria and application guidelines of the remediation technologies discussed during the course, further readings on selected case studies. For further studies, the students can also refer to the following books concerning prerequisites and the course topics (not compulsory readings): R.Sethi, A. Di Molfetta. Groundwater Engineering, Springer 2019 ( https://tinyurl.com/yyvw67h7). Fetter C. W. (2014), Applied Hydrogeology. Fourth Edition. Pearson Ed. Suthersan S. et al.. (2017) Remediation engineering: design concepts. Second Edition. CRC Press.

Modalità di esame: Prova scritta tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;

The exam aims at verify whether the student has learnt and understood the topics of the course, and how to use information and quantitative tools acquired during the course to contaminated sites remediation, with specific reference to the expected learning outcomes described above. The exam consists in a written test, with maximum score of 30/30, and in the evaluation of a report (groups of maximum 3 students) on the exercises carried out during the course (maximum score for the report: 6). The final score is calculated as the sum of the written test and individual report results (so the maximum can be 32/30; scores equal to 30.5 or higher result in 30 cum laude). The written test consists in 7 questions, to be answered in 1.5 hours. The questions include: - 1 written exercise (max. score: 5), where the student is requested to solve a simple problem, applying the equations and concepts discussed during the exercises performed during the year (esercitazioni in aula), or simple equations/concept discussed during theoretical classes; - 5 questions (max. score for each question: 4) concerning the theory discussed during the course; During the exam the students cannot use personal notes, books, or any written material. They can use only a calculator. The students can take the written exam only if the report have been submitted before the exam (deadline: 5 working days before the written exam).

Modalità di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova scritta tramite PC con l'utilizzo della piattaforma di ateneo;

The exam aims at verify whether the student has learnt and understood the topics of the course, and how to use information and quantitative tools acquired during the course to contaminated sites remediation, with specific reference to the expected learning outcomes described above. The exam consists in a written test, with maximum score of 30/30, and in the evaluation of a report (groups of maximum 3 students) on the exercises carried out during the course (maximum score for the report: 6). The final score is calculated as the sum of the written test and individual report results (so the maximum can be 32/30; scores equal to 30.5 or higher result in 30 cum laude). The written test consists in 7 questions, to be answered in 1.5 hours. The questions include: - 1 written exercise (max. score: 5), where the student is requested to solve a simple problem, applying the equations and concepts discussed during the exercises performed during the year (esercitazioni in aula), or simple equations/concept discussed during theoretical classes; - 5 questions (max. score for each question: 4) concerning the theory discussed during the course; During the exam the students cannot use personal notes, books, or any written material. They can use only a calculator. The students can take the written exam only if the report have been submitted before the exam (deadline: 5 working days before the written exam).