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By the end of the course, students are expected to: - understand the multi-layer aspects of the energy transition and the relevance and implications that alternative strategical policy choices can have on them, acquiring knowledge about the scientific methodologies to quantitatively evaluate the impacts on the various involved dimensions of different long-term trajectories; - understand the role of electricity in the transition process with reference to all the aspects involved: generation from RES, transmission/distribution of electricity, electrification of final uses; - acquire knowledge about the evolution of the electricity market structure in the framework of the energy transition; - being able to evaluate the role that the interplay among different commodities (electricity, hydrogen, gas) can play in the framework of energy transition, and to quantitatively compare the impacts of different energy mixes for the fulfilment of the energy services demands.

A basic knowledge about the energy system analysis and about the structure of the electricity systems is suggested, but not mandatorily requested.

L0. Introduction to the course L1. Overview of the history of energy - key energy commodities across ages and centuries: the different energy transitions: - from biological energy to natural energy resources - the age of coal: the first industrial revolution - oil and electricity: the second industrial revolution - the age of natural gas - renewable energy: the current energy transition towards decarbonisation L2. Issues with the current energy paradigm - the “energy trilemma” - the environmental sustainability issues: ghg emissions, global warming and climate change - the economic affordability: energy access inequalities and energy poverty - the energy security: uneven distribution of fossil resources; geopolitical instabilities and energy dependency - fossil fuels as finite resources L3. The need for the current energy transition - the definition of “sustainability” - the evolution of the sustainability concept: from the “club of rome” to present - the international agreements and targets: the paris agreement, the eu green deal - the italian targets and plans - the role of carbon pricing mechanisms - the energy transition at the core of the european recovery plan from covid-19 pandemic - the renewable energy potential L4. The energy transition as multi-layer problem - the energy dimension - the environmental dimension - the economic dimension - the social dimension - the geopolitical dimensions - the multi-dimensional impacts of energy transition trajectories L5. Methodologies and tools for assessing the energy transition - modelling the energy systems: top-down and bottom-up approaches; simulation and optimisation approaches - the times and osemosys model generators - mid-/long-term scenarios and international outlooks - tracking the energy transition: kpis for quantifying the multi-dimensional impacts of alternative trajectories - web-platforms for energy planning L6. Electricity as key commodity for the energy transition - the “electricity triangle”: production from res, transmission and distribution of energy through the electricity vector, electrification of final uses - different paradigms for electricity generation: from super-grids to smart-grids - the role of storage systems - electrification of final energy uses - the energy communities - benefits and barrier of the electrification process - the “electrify italy” case study L7. Introduction to the economics of power systems - electricity and economic - market value of electricity - capital intensity - cost of blackout L8. Electricity as a commodity - peculiarity of electricity as commodity - physical and technical features of electricity L9. Economic value of goods and market equilibrium - definition of economics and economy of scale - historical excursus - average and marginal quantities - the concept of “scarcity” - the concept of “utility” and the demand curve - the concept of “cost” and the supply curve - “price” - revenues and profit - firm objectives and outcomes - market equilibrium L10. Reference markets and market power - reference markets - liberalized vs regulated monopoly markets - market power L11. Bidding and market clearing - supply/demand curves and offers/bids - uniform pricing - pay as bid - market clearing L12. Classification of markets for electricity - competition in electricity markets - whole sale vs retail markets - reference structures: pool and bilateral - energy markets - environmental markets - ancillary service markets - capacity markets L13. Concepts in optimization theory - optimization problem: formulation and types - unconstrained optimization - equality constrained optimization - equality/inequality constrained optimization - kkt necessary and sufficient condition - lagrangian multiplier and shadow prices - example: generation dispatch - example: market clearing without network constraints L14. The commodity interplay - the interplay among electricity, hydrogen and gas for ensuring decarbonisation - the production of “green” hydrogen through electrolysis - the production of synthesis gas through methanation - perspectives for hydrogen penetration - power lines, gas pipelines and maritime routes: the evolution of energy infrastructures L15. References

The Course is organized in lectures and practical works. Lectures introduce to the students the key-concepts of the energy transition, also with an interactive approach. Practical work, in the classroom and ICT lab, will provide some insight, with the direct involvement of the students, on the topics presented in the lectures, also through general computational SW (Matlab, Excel) and dedicated power systems SW (Powerword). Practical work topics: Current status and possible evolutive trajectories of energy systems at country level; Economic and energetic issues in power systems; Optimization in power system and congestion management; Optimal power flow; Alternative pathways for fulfilling energy services.

The slides of the course will be available on the university portal. 1. S. Stoft - Power System Economics: Designing Markets for Electricity – John Wiley& Sons, I edizione, May 2002. ISBN: 0-471-15040-1 2. D.Kirschen, G.Strbac – Fundamentals of Power System Economics – Wiley, 2004. G.Rothwell, T. Gomez – Electricity Economics – IEEE Press, Wiley Interscience, 2003. ISBN:0-470-84572-4 3. G.Rothwell, T. Gomez – Electricity Economics – IEEE Press, Wiley Interscience, 2003. ISBN:0-471-23437-0 4. P. A. Samuelson, W. D. Nordhaus - Microeconomics –McGraw-Hill/Irwin, XVII edizione, May 2001. 5. Hisham Khatib – IEEE Power Series: Economic Evaluation of Projects in the Electricity Surpply Industry – The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, Luglio 2003. ISBN:0-86341-304-8 6. S. Tagliapietra – Global Energy Fundamentals. Economics, Politics, and Technology. 2020. Cambridge University Press 7. H. Farzaneh – Energy Systems Modeling. Principles and Applications. 2019. Springer Singapore 8. H. Qudrat-Ullah, M. Asif. – Dynamics of Energy, Environment and Economy. A Sustainability Perspective. Lecture notes in energy, vol. 77. 2020. Springer 9. G. Giannakidis, M. Labriet, B. Ó Gallachóir, G. Tosato, G. – Informing Energy and Climate Policies Using Energy Systems Models. Lecture notes in energy, vol. 30. 2015. Springer

Modalità di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria;

Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam;

... The first exam immediately after the end of the course (“primo appello”), is a written test composed by two open-ended questions/exercises and 3 multiple choice questions; the duration is 2 hours. During the written examination no support material (books, notes, …) will be allowed. The following ones are oral examinations, with at least three questions on the topics of the course

Gli studenti e le studentesse con disabilità o con Disturbi Specifici di Apprendimento (DSA), oltre alla segnalazione tramite procedura informatizzata, sono invitati a comunicare anche direttamente al/la docente titolare dell'insegnamento, con un preavviso non inferiore ad una settimana dall'avvio della sessione d'esame, gli strumenti compensativi concordati con l'Unità Special Needs, al fine di permettere al/la docente la declinazione più idonea in riferimento alla specifica tipologia di esame.

Modalità di esame: Prova orale obbligatoria; Prova scritta su carta con videosorveglianza dei docenti;

The first exam immediately after the end of the course (“primo appello”), is a written test composed by two open-ended questions/exercises and 3 multiple choice questions; the duration is 2 hours. During the written examination no support material (books, notes, …) will be allowed. The following ones are oral examinations, with at least three questions on the topics of the course

Modalità di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria;

The first exam immediately after the end of the course (“primo appello”), is a written test composed by two open-ended questions/exercises and 3 multiple choice questions; the duration is 2 hours. During the written examination no support material (books, notes, …) will be allowed. The following ones are oral examinations, with at least three questions on the topics of the course