Vehicle electrification is continuously gaining momentum. Electrified vehicles span from the battery-electric vehicle and hydrogen-based fuel-cell electric vehicle to many kinds of hybrid solutions, with a starter-generator at the other end of the spectrum.

Knowledge of: • The types of electrical machines and their use in the different electrified vehicles • The loss characteristics, thermal behavior, and cooling aspects • The sizing equations of the e-machine • The e-machine dynamic model for electric-drive level simulation • The steady-state model of the e-machine for system level simulation Ability of: • Deriving the e-machine specifications, given the application requirements • Simulate the e-machine steady-state and dynamic behavior • Evaluate the e-machine performance across standard driving cycles Capability of: • Selecting the correct e-machine type for the vehicle application • Assessing and comparing the KPIs of different e-machines • Defining the specifications and KPIs to deal with e-machine suppliers

Prerequisite knowledge for this course includes: • Fundamentals of electrical and electronic systems • Fundamentals of heat transfer • Simulation in Matlab/Simulink

• E-machines for automotive: overview of vehicle electrification, classification of drivetrain types and e-machine types. Key definitions. • Fundamentals of electromechanical energy conversion. Magnetic circuits: wound field and permanent magnet excitation. Determination of the force and torque of an electric actuator. • DC machine: operating principle of the permanent magnet and wound stator types. Equivalent circuit and dynamic model. Mechanical characteristics, constant torque and constant power speed range, voltage saturation operation. • Thermal behavior of the e-machine: steady-state, transient operation, maximum ratings. • Distributed and concentrated windings for three-phase AC machines • Brushless motor with permanent magnets. Stationary and dynamic model of permanent magnet machines. Fields of application and comparison with the DC drives. • Wound-field synchronous machine. Stationary and dynamic model. Fields of application. • Induction machine. Stationary and dynamic model. Fields of application. • Synchronous reluctance and interior PM machines. Stationary and dynamic model. Fields of application. • E-machine sizing equations and design rules. Finite-Element assisted design of e-machines. Scaling rules of machine dimensions and output figures. • Electrical and mechanical transducers employed in electric motor drives: position, speed and torque transducers, current transducers, voltage transducers

In addition to classroom lectures, the following exercise activities are planned. Simulation Laboratory • Circuital and non-circuital dynamic models • DC-machine model • AC-machine model • Use of efficiency maps • Simulation of the driving cycle Visit to the Laboratory • Electrical machine prototypes • Example of components (cut offs, laminations, magnets, transducers) • Test setup for e-machines characterization

60 hours: Lectures 18 hours: Laboratory, exercises and simulation 3 hours: visit to the laboratory In the academic year 2021/22 the lessons and simulation laboratories will be held in presence. Virtual classroom videos will be made available at the same time, video-recorded, and made available on the “Portale della Didattica”.

The class notes, the simulation models, the exercises, and the documentation needed for preparing the exam will be provided online via the teaching portal. A useful source of information is found in the following books: • “Electrical Machines”. D. Gerling. Springer, 2016 • “Design of rotating electrical machines”, J. Pyrhonen, T. Jokinen and V. Hrabovcova. John Wiley & Sons, 2013 • “PM motor technology: design and applications”, J.F. Gieras, M. Wing; • “Electric vehicle machines and drives: design, analysis and application”. K.T. Chau. John Wiley & Sons, 2015. • SyR-e: Synchronous Reluctance Evolution (https://github.com/SyR-e )

Modalità di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale obbligatoria;

Exam: Written test; Compulsory oral exam;

... The exam has a written and an oral part, both given in presence. The written part has a duration of 90 minutes and consists of: - 4 multiple-choice quizzes: 2.0 points per question, -0.67 penalty points for errors - 2 numerical quizzes: 4 points per question. The numerical tolerance allowed on the result will be declared case by case. - 1 open quiz: 4 points max. - One written exercise: 12 total points. The score of the written exam (max 32) will be saturated to 30 and evaluated as follows: • With a score of 16 points or lower, the exam is failed. • A score of 17 or higher implies a mandatory oral examination. The oral exam consists of one or two questions covering the course program. The final score is the average of the written and oral parts scores.

Gli studenti e le studentesse con disabilità o con Disturbi Specifici di Apprendimento (DSA), oltre alla segnalazione tramite procedura informatizzata, sono invitati a comunicare anche direttamente al/la docente titolare dell'insegnamento, con un preavviso non inferiore ad una settimana dall'avvio della sessione d'esame, gli strumenti compensativi concordati con l'Unità Special Needs, al fine di permettere al/la docente la declinazione più idonea in riferimento alla specifica tipologia di esame.