This course aims at providing the students with the fundamentals necessary to understand and critically analyze the performance of the main topologies of powerplants. The course will also provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art technologies capable to improve the plant efficiency and to reduce its pollutant emissions. Finally particular attention will be devoted to the regulation strategies in order to assess the impact of the off-design operations on the efficiency of the plants.

At the end of the course the student is expected to be able to perform a preliminary design a new powerplant and/or to critically analyze the performance and the key operating parameters of an existing one. Moreover, he should be able to identify the most suitable methodologies to regulate the power output of the plant and to select the most suitable technologies to either increase its efficiency or reduce its pollutant emissions.

In order to fruitfully attend the course, the student should have previously acquired the basic knowledge of Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines theory.

Introduction Overview on the energy scenario & motivation for thermal machine analyses Steam Power Plants • Recap of fundamentals of the Rankine-Hirn Cycle • Analysis of real power plants and of the main technology trends • Environmental issues: overview plants pollutant emissions and on the aftertreatment technologies • Off-Design Operation. Gas Turbine Plants: • Recap of fundamentals of the Brayton Joule • From the ideal Cycle to the real one: analysis of the main sources of loss and of the most important operating parameters • Analysis of real power plants and of the main technology trends • Environmental issues: overview plants pollutant emissions and on the aftertreatment technologies • Off-Design Operation. Hydraulic Turbine Technologies* • Introduction: comparison among different methodologies to produce electricity from renewable sources • Key Features of main categories of Hydraulic turbines and their operating parameters • Definition of Turbine regulation and performance curves Wind Turbine Technologies • Introduction: comparison among different methodologies to produce electricity from renewable sources • Key Features of main categories of Wind turbines and their operating parameters • Definition of Turbine regulation and performance curves Internal Combustion Engines: • Introduction: comparison among different engine categories and configurations with a focus on powerplant applications • Efficiency analysis • Definition of internal combustion engine operating parameters and characteristic curves • Overview on the main technologies to improve the performance and the efficiency of the engine • Analyses of the engine pollutant emissions and of their aftertreatment technologies • Alternative fuels: biofuels and e-fuels *This topic could be skipped if already analyzed and discussed in …….

Exercises: • 1st Exercise: numerical exercises on the regulations of steam power plants: 3 hours • 2rd Exercise: numerical exercises on the regulations of turbogas power plants: 3 hours • 3th Exercise: numerical exercises on hydraulic turbines: 3 hours • 4th Exercise: numerical exercises on internal combustion engines: 4.5 hours Laboratory (1.5 hour): • Overview on the main internal combustion engine components • Overview on the measurement systems to characterize the performance and the pollutant emissions of the engine.

The student is suggested to attend lectures and exercises, to use the notes provided by the teacher for the preparation of the exam, since there is no single text dealings with all the topics covered in the course. Possible books to deepen single topics, when needed, for future professional activity, are the following: • M.J. Moran, H.N. Shapiro, “Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics”, 5th ed., John Wiley & Sons. • S.L. Dixon, C.A. Hall, “Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery”, 6th ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier. • S.A. Korpela, “Principles of Turbomachinery”, Wiley & Sons. • Heywook J., Internal Combustion Engine fundamentals

Slides; Video lezioni dell’anno corrente;

Modalità di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale facoltativa;

Exam: Written test; Optional oral exam;

... - Written test (duration: 1h 25 m): it is divided into two parts: o The first part is composed by 8 multiple-choice questions to be answered within 30 minutes. The questions are concerned with the theory topics, but a few of them will require the solution of short numerical problems. Each correct answer will score 2 points, each blank (not given) answer will bring 0 points, and each wrong answer will bring -0.5 points. Each question will have only one correct answer. The maximum score for the first part is 16/15. o The second part will require the solution of two exercises within 1 hours, in the form of essay questions. The maximum score is 15/15. In order to be admitted to the second part, it is necessary to get a score >= 8/16 from the first part o The exam is not passed if the score from the first written part is strictly lower than 8/15 OR the one from the second part is strictly lower than 9/15. o The final mark of the written test is given by the sum of the two parts. The maximum achievable mark of the written part is 26/30. In order to achieve higher marks, the student has to attend the oral exam. - Oral Test: the student will discuss with the commission about the main topics of the course, and he may be asked to provide some of the mathematical demonstrations shown during the lessons. With the oral test, the student may increase or decrease the mark achieved during the written part of the exam. All the students with a sufficient mark (>=18) may ask the commission to attend the oral test.

Gli studenti e le studentesse con disabilità o con Disturbi Specifici di Apprendimento (DSA), oltre alla segnalazione tramite procedura informatizzata, sono invitati a comunicare anche direttamente al/la docente titolare dell'insegnamento, con un preavviso non inferiore ad una settimana dall'avvio della sessione d'esame, gli strumenti compensativi concordati con l'Unità Special Needs, al fine di permettere al/la docente la declinazione più idonea in riferimento alla specifica tipologia di esame.