Nowadays hybrid vehicles represent one of the most promising solutions to reduce the impact of conventional powertrain on the air quality and to move toward a more sustainable mobility. In such a framework, this course aims to provide the students a comprehensive knowledge on the hybrid propulsion systems. Besides the different architectures for hybrid powertrains, the course will discuss and analyze their different components (i.e. the internal combustion engine, electric motor, power electronics converters and control systems, energy storage systems) on the basis of the performance required to the vehicle.

At the end of the course, the student is expected to achieve a comprehensive knowledge of hybrid electric vehicles. Foremost he should be able to perform a critical analysis on existing hybrid powertrains emphasizing their strength and weaknesses. Moreover, based on the information about electric machines, internal combustion engines and energy storage systems collected during the course, the student should be capable to preliminary design a hybrid architecture in order to achieve predefined vehicle targets in terms of emissions (CO2 and pollutants) and dynamic performance.

The recommended curriculum includes the knowledge of the following subjects: - Fundamentals of mechanical engineering - Fundamentals of thermodynamics and thermal machines - Fundamentals of electric machines

Foremost, the motivations which have led to the development of hybrid systems will be analyzed emphasizing the additional functionalities and the benefits enabled by the combined use of Internal Combustion Engines and Electric Machines. Afterward the main topologies and classifications for hybrid propulsion systems will be presented through the analysis of several applications currently available in the market. Since the powertrain electrification requires the introduction of non-conventional devices, the course will also deal with the operating principles and the evolution scenarios of the Electrochemical and non-Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems, Electric Motors & Power Electronic Converters. Moreover, since the performance of a hybrid vehicle strongly depends on its powertrain control strategy, the course will also provide a critical analysis of the most relevant algorithm which can support the design of an Energy Management System. Details on the course topics: * Motivation for hybrid propulsion and powertrain requirements - Environmental Impact & Need for Sustainable Mobility - Benefits for the end users (performance, drivability, safety) - Basics of vehicle longitudinal dynamics -Overview on Internal Combustion Engines & Transmissions * Main topologies and classifications for hybrid propulsion systems - Series Hybrid - Parallel Hybrid - Complex Architectures * Working Principles and technological trends of Electric Machines - Fundamentals of electromechanical conversion - Induction Machines - Synchronous Machines (with and without permanent magnets) * Working Principles and technological trends of Power Electronics - Power Electronics components - DC/AC Converters (Inverters for e-motor) - DC/DC Converters for electrical adaptation - AC/DC Converters (battery chargers for plug-in hybrid) * e-Drives energetic modeling and control strategies - Basics of e-drive control strategies - Simplified e-drive energetic modeling * Working Principles and technological trends of Energy Storage Systems - Electrochemical Batteries and Super Capacitors Technologies - Electrochemical Battery modeling - Electrochemical Battery Management Systems (BMS) * Methodologies for powertrain control strategy optimizations - Global Optimization Strategy (Dynamic Programming) - Local Optimization Strategy (Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy) - Heuristic Control Technique (Rule Based)

By focusing on cutting-edge propulsion technologies, the Hybrid and Electric Propulsion Systems course fosters innovation and infrastructure development in the transportation sector (SDG 9). It promotes responsible consumption and production (SDG 12) by exploring sustainable and efficient components for advanced propulsion systems. Additionally, the course contributes to climate action (SDG 13) by equipping students with the knowledge and skills to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through cleaner, more environmentally-friendly propulsion solutions.

The course is organized in a series of lectures (about 48 hours) and exercises (about 12 hours).

All the materials used for the lectures and the exercitations will be provided to the students during the course. For additional readings the students can refer to the following textbooks: * I. Husain, 'Electric and hybrid vehicles: design fundamentals', CRC Press, Second Edition, 2010. * Chris Mi and M. Abul Masrur, ‘Hybrid Electric Vehicles – Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives’, Wiley, Second Edition, 2018.

Slides; Esercizi risolti; Esercitazioni di laboratorio;

Modalità di esame: Prova scritta (in aula); Prova orale facoltativa;

Exam: Written test; Optional oral exam;

... The exam consists of a written test that aims at evaluating the student’s preparation on the topics included in the teaching program, such as the knowledge of the application, the working principle and the technological options for the components used for the hybrid propulsion systems, as well as the features of the different hybrid powertrain architectures. The assessment aims also to evaluate the candidates’ competence in terms of capability in preliminary technical specifications of performance, features and characteristics of hybrid powertrain for vehicle applications. The test indicatively lasts 1 hour and consist of 32 multiple-choice questions concerning specific subjects of the teaching program. Each correct answer will score 1 points, each blank (not given) answer will bring 0 points, and each wrong answer will bring -0,25 points. Students may also be asked to solve simple analytical exercises similar to the computations presented during the applied exercises. To take the exam the student must book the exam through the Teaching Portal. During the test, textbooks, notes and formularies cannot be consulted. It is permitted the use of the calculator. The examination is passed if the written test gets a mark from 18/30 up to 30/30 (including the laude). The mark will be communicated to the students through a message on the Teaching Portal.

Gli studenti e le studentesse con disabilità o con Disturbi Specifici di Apprendimento (DSA), oltre alla segnalazione tramite procedura informatizzata, sono invitati a comunicare anche direttamente al/la docente titolare dell'insegnamento, con un preavviso non inferiore ad una settimana dall'avvio della sessione d'esame, gli strumenti compensativi concordati con l'Unità Special Needs, al fine di permettere al/la docente la declinazione più idonea in riferimento alla specifica tipologia di esame.