The main outcomes of the course are: - to learn and to understand the functional principles of radionavigation and satellite-based positioning - to know the current satellite navigation systems and to understand the design criteria. - to acquire knowledge of the format of the signals used for positioning purposes and to develop the ability to design signals suited to radio-navigation applications (modulations, codes and multiplexing techniques). - to know the error sources and of the effect of propagation in free-space and atmosphere. - to learn the use of proper models in order to mitigate the effects of the biases on the receiver measurements. - to understand the user receiver's architecture focusing on the base-band digital signal processing stages, of the acquisition stage and of the tracking stage (use of Delay Lock Loop and Phase Lock Loop). - to acquire ability to design baseline algorithms for acquisition and tracking of GNSS signals. - to know the main applications of satellite-based positioning, and their requirements

Principles of Signal Theory and Electrical Communications at a level corresponding to Laurea (BSc) in Electronics or Communications Engineering. Knowledge and understanding of spectral representation of signals. Knowledge of the principles of analogue to digital conversion and of digital signal processing. Understanding of features of modulations and of the reception of electromagnetic signals. Basic elements of applied electronics.

• Introduction to localisation, positioning techniques and radionavigation principles (6 hours): o Position estimation techniques based on direction of arrival, time of arrival, and differential time of arrival observations o Conical, spherical, hyperbolical methods o Positioning algorithms o The Geometrical Dilution of Precision • Uncertainty causes and error sources (6 hours) o Description of Error sources o Propagation issues o Link Budget and thermal noise o Error correction models • Basics of Reference Systems and Satellite Orbits (3 hours) o Reference frames o Satellite orbits o Time scales • Signal processing for radionavigation (6 hours): o Signal properties o Ranging codes generation o Signal modulations for radionavigation o Binary Offset Carrier modulation o Multiplexing techniques • System architecture of GPS and Galileo systems (3 hours) • GNSS receivers architectures (20 hours): o Front-end and A/D conversion o Acquisition of GNSS signals o Code and carrier tracking architectures o Pseudorange estimation o Multipath effects • GNSS Applications (6 hours) o Differential GNSS o Integration with communication systems and Assisted GNSS o Radio frequency interference issues • Classroom exercises on all the course topics (10 hours) • Laboratory activities for the implementation of a software GNSS receiver (20 hours)

The course includes theoretical lessons for introducing the basic concepts of positioning and the description of the system architectures. Classroom exercises guide the student in the application of the concept discussed in the theoretical lessons. The exercises aim at acquiring the ability to solve simple problems related to positioning systems and use of signal processing techniques in this field. Text of the exercises is provided to the students in advance and problems are solved in the classroom with proper explanations. The laboratory activity are based on the use of Matlab © software and concerns the implementation of a simplified architecture for the the processing of GNSS signals.

Reference books are: 1. Misra P., Enge P. Global Positioning System: Signals, Measurements, and Performance (II edition), Ganga-Jamuna press 2. Kaplan, E. D., Hegarty C.H. Understanding GPS: principles and applications (III edition), Artech House, Norhood, MA, 2018 3. Zekavat R., Buehrer R. M., Handbook of Position Location: Theory, Practice and Advances, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2011 4. Parkinson B., Spilker J. J. , Global Positioning System: theory and applications, Vol. I e Vol. II, American Institute of Aeronautics, 1996. 5. European Space Agency: http://www.navipedia.net/ The teaching material (slides used during the lessons, solutions of exercises, examples of written exams) will be made available by the class teacher on the didattica web portal.

Lecture slides; Video lectures (previous years);

Exam: Written test; Optional oral exam; Individual project; Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;

The final exam aims at assessing both the achievement of the knowledge objectives and the ability to solve position estimation problems and to design algorithms for the GNSS signal processing. The final evaluation is based on an individual report of the lab activities, and on a written exam. An oral exam might be requested by the student or, in some cases as a free choice of the teacher; the oral exam can influence the grade achieved in the written exam in a positive or negative way. The written exam is made of TWO parts for a total duration of 2 hours - Multiple choice test on the theoretical subjects (up to 9 points) - duration 30 minutes. The multiple choice test is made of 9 questions, each correct answer gives 1 point, an incorrect answer produces a maximum penalty equal to -0.30. An answer not given does not imply any penalty. - Exercises (up to 18 points) - duration 90 minutes. The exercise part of the exam is taken after the delivery of the first part. The exercise includes multiple questions that require a numerical solution or the delivery of a plot. During the written exam the use of books and notes is not allowed. The students shall bring their own calculator. The exercise must be solved on the sheets of paper provided by the teachers, where the students shall put their name and student number., and they will be delivered to the teachers. The students shall write the solutions using pens and not pencils. The final grade of the written exam (on a scale of 32) is obtained as the sum of the evaluation of the lab report (up to 5 points) and the written exam (up to 27 points). Laude is achieved if the score of 32 is reached. In case an oral exam is required, the grade is the average of the written exam and of the oral exam. The lab report must be delivered, following the modality that will be explained by the teacher during the classes and published on the course webpage, by the deadline associated with the exam booking on the web portal. The students shall deliver a written report (as a .pdf file) and the Matlab © code used to obtain the results. The optional oral exam can be requested by the student if the sum of the grades achieved for the lab report and the written exam is larger than 15. The oral examination usually takes place the same day in which the written exam results are published, or at most few days later. The oral exam will measure the acquired knowledge and the ability to apply the concepts learned, and it covers all the course subjects (theory, exercises and lab activities).

In addition to the message sent by the online system, students with disabilities or Specific Learning Disorders (SLD) are invited to directly inform the professor in charge of the course about the special arrangements for the exam that have been agreed with the Special Needs Unit. The professor has to be informed at least one week before the beginning of the examination session in order to provide students with the most suitable arrangements for each specific type of exam.