Exploiting the space for scientific and commercial reasons requires operating in a severe environment. From the launch up to the in-orbit operations, the spacecraft, whether launchers, satellites, or manned modulus, must face harsh external conditions and must survive extreme mechanical loads. The effective implementation of space activities requires having a fundamental understanding of the context in which the systems must operate and the capability to recognise the pros and cons of the technologies that can be adopted. This course offers a first introduction to the space environment, an overview of the main spacecraft architectures and an analysis of the typical mission profiles. The student will understand the complex environment in which typical spacecraft operates, starting from the trans-atmospheric flight up to the operation in a microgravity context. The effects of the thermal loads, space radiation and low-pressure atmosphere will be discussed. A wide introduction of the common architecture of spacecraft will be given to establish the common taxonomy used in space operations. A survey of the main systems for the manned and unmanned missions is given. The anatomy of typical launcher systems, the common layup of satellite, space modulus and stratospheric platforms is introduced. A special focus will be offered on expendable and semi-reusable launch vehicle structures design and engineering requirements. Emphasis will be given to the study of launch loadings, materials and structural design requirements, manufacturing, propulsion system and launch vehicle capabilities. The course will introduce the main aspect of a space mission, the available orbits, and the impact of the mission profile on the technical requirements and costs. The student will acquire fundamentals on space vehicle design; she/he will be able to make decisions on which launch vehicle to use or to identify the characteristics of spacecraft necessary to choose a launch vehicle for either up-stream or down-stream space missions.