Biomedical instrumentation At the end of the course, students will be able to evaluate the risk taken by patients and operators when using electrical medical equipment and to identify the protection and prevention measures that allow for risk reduction. Moreover, for each specific typology of medical electrical equipment considered, students will know the working principles, the degree of technological evolution, associated risks, and appropriate prevention and protection measures. Students will be able to face the design of the instruments presented within the course at a block-diagram level, considering functional and safety issues. Finally, students will know the basics of the European regulations on medical devices as well as general, collateral, and particular requirements of the instruments presented. Medical images Knowledge on the physical principles of medical imaging. Knowledge of the structure and technology of the devices for medical imaging. Knowledge of the diagnostic potentialities of each device and of its intrinsic limitations. Knowledge of the criticalities of each device also in relation to its acquisition and maintenance. Considering a specific medical imaging device, the student will be able to detail the degree of technological development and the corresponding market segment of the device. Furthermore, using the acquired knowledge on the technology, regulations and device market, the student will be able to draft technical documents for buying imaging devices. This course contributes to the development of autonomous judgement during the laboratory assignments. This course contributes to improve communication skills, both written and oral, through laboratories. This course contributes to provide students with tools for continuous learning, requiring the consultancy of web sites of the main producers of imaging devices. This activity is aimed to illustrate how it is possible, through the internet, to obtain the documentation for a preliminary market analysis of the technological state-of-the-art.

Biomedical instrumentation Students must be familiar with the arguments presented in the courses of physics, electric circuits, electronics, and physiology with elements of human anatomy. Medical images Students must be familiar with physics and electronics. The knowledge of the Medical Device Directive 93/42 and of the 47/2007 directive is an important prerequisite. Moreover, students must be familiar with the working principles of devices for biopotential detection and electrical stimulation with low and high energy. Moreover, students are supposed to know how to solve simple electrical circuits, and, finally, they should be familiar with the physiology of the most important organs and systems of the human body.

Biomedical instrumentation - European regulations on medical devices: Medical Device Directive 93/42, 47/2007, general requirements for medical electrical equipment (IEC 601 -1), collateral and particular requirements. - Electrical safety in healthcare facilities: classes and types of medical electrical equipment (I, II, III, B, BF, CF); direct and indirect macroshock, thermal-magnetic circuit breaker, differential circuit breaker, protective earth plant; microshock, equipotential node, CF electrical equipment. - Biopotential detection: front-end characteristics, line interference (finite CMRR, electrode unbalance, capacitive couplings), desired values of input impedance and CMRR. Typical biopotential amplifier chain. - Electrocardiographic signal: short outline of cardiac electrophysiology, ECG cycle and its components, limb leads, augmented leads, thoracic leads. Typical artifacts. ECG amplifier chain. Dynamic ECG (Holter): technical issues and clinical utility. - Electroencephalographic signal: signal generation and characteristics, subdivision in frequency bands. Clinical relevance of EEG signal. Different montages: the 10-20 system, montages for high resolution EEG. Typical artifacts in electroencephalography: examples of signals affected by different artifacts. EEG amplifier chain. Short outline of signal interpretation. Frequency domain analysis. - Somatosensory, auditory, and visual evoked potentials: eliciting and detection methods. Averaging technique. - Surgical lamps: different typologies of surgical lamps, different structures, associated risks. Particular requirements. Maintenance and preventive tests. - Electrosurgery units: working principles, evolution of the output stage and risks associated to the use of ESUs, patient monitor and electrode monitor. Analysis of the features of a modern electro-surgical unit. ESUs in minimally invasive surgery: specific problems and solutions. Particular requirements and specific guidelines. Maintenance and preventive tests. - Cardioverter ? defibrillator: working principles, design of the discharge circuit, monitoring of the energy delivered. Particular requirements and specific guidelines. Maintenance and preventive tests. - Infusion pumps: working principles, different typologies of infusion pumps. Particular requirements. Maintenance and preventive tests. - Systems for hemodialysis: working principles and specific issues. Main risks for patients and operators. Block diagram of a typical unit. Alarm and safety systems. Particular requirements. Maintenance and preventive tests. Medical images The course describes the most widely used devices for medical imaging, starting from the physical principles upon which they are based on. Therefore, for each class of devices, the student will be first introduced to the properties of each kind of energy used to obtain the image. Secondly, the student will analyze the technologies that, taking advantage of each type of energy-matter interaction, allow the clinicians to perform diagnostic imaging. The main topics are: - Introduction to medical imaging (2h) - Planar radiological devices (8h) - Devices for computed tomography and tomosynthesis (8h) - Nuclear medicine, scintigraphy, PET and SPECT devices (8h) - Ultrasonography and Doppler flowmetry (8h) - Devices for magnetic resonance imaging (10h) - Diagnostic applications (2h) - Regulations and device dimensioning (4h)

Biomedical instrumentation The course consists of frontal lectures and exercise sessions. Lectures are approximately two thirds of the course and exercise sessions approximately one third. Medical images The course is organized in frontal lessons, class exercises, and laboratory activities. The laboratories are four, involve groups of four students and are distributed during the course delivery. It is necessary to deliver a report of each lab assignment. The lab activities focus on supplementary analyses of the theoretical notions learned during the lessons, specifically for what concerns the regulations and the technological upgrades of the different medical imaging devices. The class exercises are aimed to analyze in more details some aspects of technological and energetic dimensioning of the studied imaging devices.

Biomedical instrumentation Handouts and other resources will be available. Part of the teaching program may be found in Bioingegneria elettronica e sicurezza, Prof. Marco Knaflitz, edita da Levrotto & Bella. Medical images Slides provided by the teacher and recently published scientific papers on specific techniques. Book recommended: "Bioimmagini", Valli e Coppini, Collana di Ingegneria Biomedica, Patron Editore.

Exam: Computer-based written test in class using POLITO platform;

Biomedical instrumentation The exam aims at verifying the student capability of solving exercises similar to those presented during the exercise sessions. The final exam is written and comprises two different parts: a first part consisting of 15 closed response questions and a second part consisting of 3 exercises. The first part lasts 15 minutes and corresponds up to 9 points that are obtained by multiplying by 9/15 the score obtained as follows: each right answer increases the score by 1 point, each wrong answer decreases the score by 0,25 points, each question without an answer does not modify the score. The second part lasts 60 minutes and corresponds up to 24 points, up to 8 pointsfor each exercise. Students are required to be over the threshold of 6/15 points relative to the first part and 12/24 points relative to the second part. The final score is obtained by summing the results of the first and the second part. It is then possible to reach 33 points. If the final score is higher than 30.5 the exam is passed with Laude. During the exam students are not allowed to use handouts, textbooks or any other material. Medical images The final exam aims at evaluating the student capability of solving exercises similar to those presented during the exercise sessions and to critically elaborate the theoretical concepts presented during the lessons. The written exam consists of four open questions, each of which is evaluated up to 8 points. The exam lasts 60 minutes. The lab reports, which summarize the group project, corrected and discussed, are overall evaluated up to 6 points. The final mark is calculated summing the four better marks among the five marks (four questions and the lab reports score). If the final score is higher than 30.5 the exam is passed with Laude. During the exam students are not allowed to use handouts, textbooks or any other material.

In addition to the message sent by the online system, students with disabilities or Specific Learning Disorders (SLD) are invited to directly inform the professor in charge of the course about the special arrangements for the exam that have been agreed with the Special Needs Unit. The professor has to be informed at least one week before the beginning of the examination session in order to provide students with the most suitable arrangements for each specific type of exam.